What Was The Most Important Cause Of Wor Essays - Military

What Was The Most Important Cause Of Wor? Prior to World War One, a large number of the significant European forces were engaged with two key unions. The first of these two was the Triple Alliance or Triplice. Formed in May of 1882, it comprised of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. The second contradicting partnership was the Triple Entente that was a friendship between France, Britain, and Russia. In World War I, these coalitions turned into the centers of the two rival sides, with the Triple Alliance turning into the Central Powers and the Triple Entente turning into the Allied Powers. The explanation that the coalition framework added to the First World War was that it implied that neighborhood clashes, even minor debates, as opposed to staying nearby in nature would attract all individuals from the two unions. Along these lines, clashes between Austria-Hungary over Serbia attracted not just Russia, which had regional aspirations in the territory, yet in addition their western European partners. Another reason was that European countries controlled littler nations, called provinces, and contended to hoard more settlements. Get-together settlements got known as Imperialism. Both France and Britain had numerous provinces in Africa and Asia. Presently Germany and Italy chose they needed a pilgrim realm as well. They were envious of the nations that had different spots where they could accumulate crude materials and modest work. In this way, the nations would contend and battle against one another to develop their realms. This would add to World War One since it made much increasingly pressure between the two nations that must be discharged by either a full-scale war or a harmony arrangement between the nations which was far-fetched because of the different questions between the nations. The weapons contest was likewise a factor towards the beginning of World War One, in light of the fact that the countries of Europe needed to have the most grounded military should war break out, so they could have a superior possibility of winning, and to shield themselves against hostility from their neighbors. Lamentably, as one nation develops their military, different nations see this, and feel compromised. In this way, they develop their own armed forces. This continues forever in a tragic cycle. Seeing as the significant powers in Europe currently had these colossal armed forces developed and activated, they had an instrument that they could use to take up arms. Had they not have had these enormous armed forces, at that point they wouldn't have had anything to wage a war with, and regardless of whether they did, their triumph would have been unreasonably questionable for them to chance pursuing a war. The Schlieffen Plan was a German war plan for a contention with France and Russia. It required a prompt intrusion of France in case of a contention with either country since France was viewed as the more impressive of the two countries. The Schlieffen plan added to the war since it implied that Germany entered Belgium and along these lines, broke the bargain with London which said that Belgium would stay a nonpartisan nation. England at that point proclaimed war to respect the arrangement of London, which consequently hauled the nations into war in light of the fact that the coalition framework implied that the Allies needed to enable their partner to out if help was required. All in all, I imagine that the most significant factor to the start of World War One was the coalitions. This is on the grounds that without the coalitions then as I referenced in my first section it was far-fetched that different nations would have gotten included and the questions would have been on an a lot littler scope. In spite of the fact that I accept that war was inescapable, I feel that without the collusions it would not be workable for a universal war to begin yet rather there would simply be different littler wars between nations that had debates between just both of them making significantly less slaughter and harm the world. Daniel Akowe

Lack of Core Competencies in Carl Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Examine about the Lack of Core Competencies in Carl. Answer: Execution issues The exhibition issues remember the absence of center skills for Carl, in this manner neglecting to guarantee the upkeep of the fairway (Pinder, 2014). The center capabilities and abilities of a golf-guardian incorporate sound information on the turfs and the methods of looking after it (Armstrong Taylor, 2014). The golf-guardians need to have the down to earth aptitude of working the different apparatuses required for support of the fairway. The greenkeeper need to have great endurance and high physical wellness. So as to guarantee that the fairway is looked after appropriately, Carl should think about including a group so as to keep up the green. Cooperation may be useful in keeping the fairway liberated from the gophers. Successful execution the executives The human asset expert and the senior supervisor has a key task to carry out in viable execution the board (Pinder, 2014). The six stages for powerful presentation the board are as per the following: Record saving for every representative: The human asset specialist needs to keep up record of every worker, so as to follow the advancement. The head supervisor needs to spur every worker. Normal input: The HRM professional needs to give customary criticism to the workers. The senior supervisor needs to take customary input and distinguish the regions of progress. Setting destinations: The HRM specialist needs to guarantee the progressing in the direction of the objectives. The senior supervisor needs to help with defining the correct objectives. Guarantee discipline: The HRM specialist needs to guarantee taught work. The senior supervisor needs to aid trained work (Armstrong Taylor, 2014). Examination meeting: The HRM expert need to give evaluation of the representatives. The head supervisor needs to evaluate the workers adequately. Development: The HRM expert need to complete normal follow-up of the exhibition of the workers. The senior supervisor needs to catch up normally (Pinder, 2014). Execution Improvement Plan It could be suggested that Carl ought to take part in a collaboration, so the gophers could be avoided the green (Armstrong Taylor, 2014). Carl could treat the turfs with against rat synthetic concoctions, in this way shielding the fairway from being influenced. The trough could take standard input from the individuals who had griped about the gophers diving gaps in the fairway (Van Dooren, Bouckaert Halligan, 2015). The presentation of Carl could be checked via doing review of the green. In the event that no gopher gaps are discovered, at that point it could be presumed that the exhibition of Carl is viable. Social difference in the worker The three procedures are as per the following: The administrator needs to rouse Carl, with the goal that he accomplishes his work constantly. Inspiration has a key task to carry out in guaranteeing the tenacious working of the representatives (Armstrong Taylor, 2014). Worthwhile motivations and examination of the representatives must be consolidated (van lair Heuvel, Demerouti Bakker, 2014). The assurance of the representatives and self-assurance should be caused, with the end goal that the workers like Carl stay self-spurred. The two best-practice that should be fused: Inspiration of the representatives with money related advantages and other evaluation modes (Pinder, 2014) Join assurance and self-inspiration References Armstrong, M., Taylor, S. (2014). Armstrong's handbook of human asset the executives practice. Kogan Page Publishers. Pinder, C. C. (2014). Work inspiration in authoritative conduct. Brain science Press. van nook Heuvel, M., Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B. (2014). How mental assets encourage adjustment to hierarchical change. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 23(6), 847-858. Van Dooren, W., Bouckaert, G., Halligan, J. (2015). Execution the board in the open segment. Routledge.

History and Key Concepts of Behavioral Psychology

History and Key Concepts of Behavioral Psychology Theories Behavioral Psychology Print History and Key Concepts of Behavioral Psychology By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on January 19, 2018 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on September 24, 2019 More in Theories Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology Behaviorism, also known as behavioral psychology, is a theory of learning based on the idea that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning. Conditioning occurs through interaction with the environment. Behaviorists believe that our responses to environmental stimuli shape our actions.?? According to this school of thought, behavior can be studied in a systematic and observable manner regardless of internal mental states.?? According to this perspective, only observable behavior should be consideredâ€"cognitions, emotions, and moods are far too subjective. Strict behaviorists believed that any person can potentially be trained to perform any task, regardless of genetic background, personality traits, and internal thoughts (within the limits of their physical capabilities). It only requires the right conditioning. Verywell / Jiaqi Zhou A Brief History of Behaviorism Behaviorism was formally established with the 1913 publication of John B. Watsons classic paper, Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It.?? It is best summed up by the following quote from Watson, who is often considered the father of behaviorism: Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and Ill guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might selectâ€"doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief and, yes, even beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors. Simply put, strict behaviorists believe that all behaviors are the result of experience. Any person, regardless of his or her background, can be trained to act in a particular manner given the right conditioning. From about 1920 through the mid-1950s, behaviorism grew to become the dominant school of thought in psychology. Some suggest that the popularity of behavioral psychology grew out of the desire to establish psychology as an objective and measurable science. Researchers were interested in creating theories that could be clearly described and empirically measured but also used to make contributions that might have an influence on the fabric of everyday human lives. Types of Conditioning There are two major types of conditioning: Classical Conditioning Classical conditioning is a technique frequently used in behavioral training in which a neutral stimulus is paired with a naturally occurring stimulus. Eventually, the neutral stimulus comes to evoke the same response as the naturally occurring stimulus, even without the naturally occurring stimulus presenting itself. The associated stimulus is then known as the conditioned stimulus and the learned behavior is known as the conditioned response.?? Operant Conditioning Operant conditioning (sometimes referred to as instrumental conditioning) is a method of learning that occurs through reinforcements and punishments. Through operant conditioning, an association is made between a behavior and a consequence for that behavior. When a desirable result follows an action, the behavior becomes more likely to occur again in the future. Responses followed by adverse outcomes, on the other hand, become less likely to happen again in the future.?? What Should Know About Behavioral Psychology Strengths Focuses on observable, measurable behaviors Scientific and replicable Useful for modifying behaviors in the real-world Useful applications in therapy, education, parenting, child care Weaknesses Does not account for biological influences Does not consider moods, thoughts, or feelings Does not explain all learning Learning can occur through associations. In physiologist Ivan Pavlovs classic experiments, dogs associated the presentation of food (something that naturally and automatically triggers a salivation response) with the sound of a bell, at first, and then the sight of a lab assistants white coat. Eventually, the lab coat alone elicited a salivation response from the dogs.?? The classical conditioning process works by developing an association between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus. Different factors can influence the classical conditioning process. During the first part of the classical conditioning process, known as acquisition, a response is established and strengthened. Factors such as the prominence of the stimuli and the timing of presentation can play an important role in how quickly an association is formed. When an association disappears, this is known as extinction, causing the behavior to weaken gradually or vanish. Factors such as the strength of the original response can play a role in how quickly extinction occurs. The longer a response has been conditioned, for example, the longer it may take for it to become extinct.?? Learning can also occur through rewards and punishments. Behaviorist B.F. Skinner described operant conditioning as the process in which learning can occur through reinforcement and punishment.?? More specifically, by forming an association between a certain behavior and the consequences of that behavior, you learn. For example, if a parent rewards their child with praise every time they pick up their toys, the desired behavior is consistently reinforced. As a result, the child will become more likely to clean up messes. Reinforcement schedules are important in operant conditioning. This process seems fairly straight forwardâ€"simply observe a behavior and then offer a reward or punishment. However, Skinner discovered that the timing of these rewards and punishments has an important influence on how quickly a new behavior is acquired and the strength of the corresponding response.?? Continuous reinforcement involves rewarding every single instance of a behavior. It is often utilized at the beginning of the operant conditioning process. But as the behavior is learned, the schedule might switch to one of partial reinforcement. This involves offering a reward after a number of responses or after a period of time has elapsed. Sometimes, partial reinforcement occurs on a consistent or fixed schedule. In other instances, a variable and an unpredictable number of responses or time must occur before the reinforcement is delivered. Several thinkers influenced behavioral psychology. In addition to those already mentioned, there are a number of prominent theorists and psychologists who left an indelible mark on behavioral psychology. Among these are Edward Thorndike, a pioneering psychologist who described the law of effect, and Clark Hull, who proposed the drive theory of learning.?? There are a number of therapeutic techniques rooted in behavioral psychology. Though behavioral psychology assumed more of a background position after 1950, its principles still remain important. Even today, behavior analysis is often used as a therapeutic technique to help children with autism and developmental delays acquire new skills. It frequently involves processes such as shaping (rewarding closer approximations to the desired behavior) and chaining (breaking a task down into smaller parts and then teaching and chaining the subsequent steps together).?? Other behavioral therapy techniques include aversion therapy, systematic desensitization, token economies, modeling, and contingency management. Behavioral psychology has some strengths. Behaviorism is based on observable behaviors, so it is sometimes easier to quantify and collect data when conducting research. Effective therapeutic techniques such as intensive behavioral intervention, behavior analysis, token economies, and discrete trial training are all rooted in behaviorism. These approaches are often very useful in changing maladaptive or harmful behaviors in both children and adults.?? It also has some weaknesses. Many critics argue that behaviorism is a one-dimensional approach to understanding human behavior. Critics of behaviorism suggest that behavioral theories do not account for free will and internal influences such as moods, thoughts, and feelings.?? Also, it does not account for other types of learning that occur without the use of reinforcement and punishment. Moreover, people and animals can adapt their behavior when new information is introduced even if that behavior was established through reinforcement. Behavioral psychology differs from other perspectives. One of the major benefits of behaviorism is that it allowed researchers to investigate observable behavior in a scientific and systematic manner. However, many thinkers believed it fell short by neglecting some important influences on behavior. Freud, for example, felt that behaviorism failed by not accounting for the unconscious minds thoughts, feelings, and desires that influence peoples actions. Other thinkers, such as Carl Rogers and the other humanistic psychologists, believed that behaviorism was too rigid and limited, failing to take into consideration personal agency. More recently, biological psychology has emphasized the power of the brain and genetics play in determining and influencing human actions. The cognitive approach to psychology focuses on mental processes such as thinking, decision-making, language, and problem-solving. In both cases, behaviorism neglects these processes and influences in favor of studying just observable behaviors.?? One of the greatest strengths of behavioral psychology is the ability to clearly observe and measure behaviors. Weaknesses of this approach include failing to address cognitive and biological processes that influence human actions. A Word From Verywell While the behavioral approach might not be the dominant force that it once was, it has still had a major impact on our understanding of human psychology. The conditioning process alone has been used to understand many different types of behaviors, ranging from how people learn to how language develops. But perhaps the greatest contributions of behavioral psychology lie in its practical applications. Its techniques can play a powerful role in modifying problematic behavior and encouraging more positive, helpful responses. Outside of psychology, parents, teachers, animal trainers, and many others make use of basic behavioral principles to help teach new behaviors and discourage unwanted ones.

Level Of Evidence And Grade Of Recommendation - 834 Words

Level of Evidence and Grade of Recommendation The work of Snethen et al. (2006) will be evaluated as level III for strength of evidence according to the practice guideline of the John Hopkins Nursing EBP (JHNEBP). This is because this article is a systematic review of case control studies with interpreted and translated findings of other studies. Given that the study has level III evidence, with definitive conclusion, sufficient sample size, adequate control, consistent recommendation for further study based on reviewed studies, the article is graded A for quality rating . The recommendations and evidence will impact my practice positively but as a starting point of evidence based recommendations for appropriate treatment interventions for addressing overweight/obesity. By knowing these factors that contribute to childhood obesity and the importance of parents involvement is preventing and treating the epidemic, I will therefore be proactive in designing comprehensive plan of cares that involve parents and other stakeholders in solving this challenge in my future pediatric patients.. The Hesketh et al. (2005) study is evaluated as level III for strength of evidence because it is a qualitative study that involves focus groups. Given the evidence of level III, the study is graded C for quality rating. This is because the study design was not organized, the findings were purely descriptive and there is no definitive conclusion. The results of this study are will not beShow MoreRelatedEssay on Critical Appraisal1662 Words   |  7 Pagesappraisal is the process of systematically examining research evidence to assess its validity, results, and relevance. (Hill, 2001) Critical appraisal of research is preformed by clinicians prior to using it to make healthcare decisions. The critical appraisal process systematically finds, appraises, and acts on evidence based research after thorough review. The use of critical appraisal also allows us to make sense of research evidence and allows us to begin to close the gap between research andRead MoreImportance Of Cervical Cancer Screening1278 Words   |  6 Pagesages 21 to 65 (U.S. Preventative Services Task Force [USPSTF], 2016a). The USPSTF has graded this recommendation with an â€Å"A† indicating that they have a high level of certainty that the screening will prove to be beneficial, rather than harmful to the patient (USPSTF, 2016a). However, if this patient would prefer to receive cervical cancer screening every five years, the USPSTF also has a high level of certainty that this will prove to beneficial rather than harmful if human p apillomavirus (HPV)Read Moremonitor alarm fatigue Essay1248 Words   |  5 Pagesmultiple conditions (Christensen et al., 2014). In Cvach’s (2012) article, an integrated review synthesized research and non-research findings of seventy-two articles, published between 1/1/2000 and 10/1/2011. The author used the John Hopkins Nursing Evidence Based-Practice model to measure and evaluate the articles for this review. The data collected were categorized into 5 main themes: excessive alarms and the effects on nurses, nurses response to alarms, alarm sounds and audibility, technology toRead MoreNursing Care of the Critically Ill Patient Requiring a Massive Blood Transfusion1309 Words   |  5 Pagestransfusion of 10 or more blood units within a 24-hour period (Hess, 2013). 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Using such information shows the intent to provide safe and improvedRead MoreBreastfeeding And Childhood Asthm Qualitative Article Paper1413 Words   |  6 Pagesdifferences between the studies. Discrepancies between studies may be due to differences in study design, methods, measurements, and population selection. These methodological shortcomings would result in heterogeneous conclusions. The majority of evidence supports that breastfeeding does reduce the risk of childhood asthma. How and Why Asthma is a common chronic health ailment that affects many children. Asthma presently affects an estimated 7.1 million children under 18 years and is the thirdRead MoreEthics And Public Service1559 Words   |  7 Pagesand public service will build the base for a strong ethical climate within the department. Further, this will assist the department in achieving the Secretary’s goal of indoctrinating DVA ethics throughout the organization. Therefore, it is my recommendation that the department, as part of a professional leadership development curriculum, design a comprehensive ethics course, which will provide a basis for future and advanced courses in ethics to build. Finally, concerning fundamental competenciesRead MoreThe Importance of Oral Hygiene Essay650 Words   |  3 Pagesdiagnosis and treatment of the disease however limited literature references were mentioned to support the conclusion that, Oral cavity lesions can be the first sign of relapse or succession of myeloma.1 †¢ Only 5 cases were reported which limits study evidence. More number of cases should be observed to confirm the conclusion. †¢ The purpose of the study and final conclusion do not match. In the study purpose it was mentioned that, oral cavity lesions could be indicative of palpable disease and/or recurrenceRead MoreEssay on Managing Communications Knowledge and Information1647 Words   |  7 Pagesimprove decision making and taking 1.1 identify the range of decisions to be taken 1.2 review information and knowledge needed to ensure effective decision taking 1.3 assess internal and external sources of information and understanding 1.4 make recommendations for improvement 2 Create strategies to increase personal networking to widen involvement in the decision-making process 2.1 identify personnel including customers, other stakeholders and other experts 2.2 make contact with those identified andRead MoreAutomated Medication Dispensers In The Home 1458 Words   |  6 Pagesmedication practices and appropriate therapeutic responses to the medications that have been prescribed by the health care provide r. Evidence-Based Practice Models ACE Star Model The ACE Star Model is one that helps brings new concepts and implement them into practice with use of old concepts or current practice concepts which helps to organize ones approach to the evidence-based practice research and practice (Stevens, 2004). The ACE Star model is made up of five areas that include: discovery, summary

Architecture Essay - 2633 Words

Influences of Spanish Architecture in Mexico Spanish expeditions conducted during the seventh and eighteenth century has brought a variety of architectural and artistic influences to the different indigenous regions of the New Americas. It is documented that â€Å"the Architecture of Mexico began with the Spanish conquest of the country.† (Mullen, 18) The architecture of Mexico has exhibited much richness and wealth, has displayed the political and religious conditions of the time, and has showed off the countries beauty and grace through different artistic devices, mainly through the ornamentation of buildings. The architecture that developed in Mexico during the military expeditions and colonization of Mexico has brought forth many†¦show more content†¦Churches built during this period usually had a dome along with a rectangular plan. This was the period of introduction to both domes and the cruciform plan in the New Americas. During the Spanish conquest through the Americas the conquistadores discovered mining as a valuable commodity in Mexico. Knowing how precious these metals were, the conquistadores forced the Indians to labor for large quantities of these precious minerals. The Spaniards also found lot of material available for the use of masonry. All of these conditions made it possible for the construction of many churches, palaces, houses, bridges, and aqueducts to have been built. The advancement of Spanish architecture in the New Americas incorporated different styles, which include Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque, Moorish, Mudejar and the Churrigueresque orders. All these different orders of architecture brought from Spain have highly influenced the religious life of American Natives. There are three cities in Mexico in which I noticed an important significance of religious architecture in the community; these being Puebla, Cholula, and Tlaxcala, each colonial city displaying different styles of colonial architecture. The architecture in Puebla, Mexico is comprised of Franciscan and Mexican Baroque Architecture. The city of Puebla is found about 60 miles southeast of Mexico City. Throughout its history is has been known by various names: City of Angels, City of Tiles, andShow MoreRelatedCommunity Architecture : Architecture And Architecture1695 Words   |  7 Pages What is ‘Community Architecture’? The ‘Community Architecture’ is kind of architectural practice between architects and users. Also, it can be described as architect follow the wish of users or community to design the building fit the requirement by using local materials and helps the residents to build the structure. Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) described ‘Community Architecture’ should follow the idea about The aim of community architecture is to improve the quality of the environmentRead MoreArchitecture And Design Of Architecture1753 Words   |  8 PagesArchitecture An architect plans, designs and construct structures. Architects can design many things like a shopping mall, a library, skyscrapers, and so much more. Architecture is a very interesting career that I would like to learn more about. I will be discussing why I chose to research this career and the different types of architects there are, the average annual salary an architect makes, what they do on a daily bases, how much education you need to be an architect, and the pros and cons aboutRead MoreArchitecture Vs. 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Apple Inc Free Essays

Apple was founded by Steve Job and Steve Wozniak on April 1, 1976. Since this company launched to the market, it had been the leader of the world of technology for almost two decades. It not only was the pioneer of the desktop computer but also has a large successful number of products introduced over the years. We will write a custom essay sample on Apple Inc or any similar topic only for you Order Now By 1990, Apple had 1 billion in cash and more than $5.5 billion in sales and the ROE was 32% by that time it was considered as a year profitable. However, this situation was not permanent Apple suffered the decay due to the technological market was extremely fast changing as it was moving through the people ‘lives. Additional, there were other factors that affect Apple such as competition in the market, products available that can substitute Apple’s products and the price. Therefore, the question is how Apple should do or what strategies should apply Apple forward 1992. Five force Porte’s Analysis Potential competitor: By 1991 the income of hardware was $50 billion in the market and $30 billion for software and about 100 million for installing. The topmost 17 of computing’s industry that located in the market have increased their market share by installed united from 39% in 1981 to 61% in 1991. Of these 17 companies, the most relevant that could compete with Apple was IBM, NEC, Compac and Olivtti. Additionally, the companies that prevalent in the production of the microprocessor (brain center of the computer) was Intel and Microsoft. With these two companies (Intel and Microsoft) worked together to seize the market share almost 90% assuming $40 billion in software was installed in the Intel and Microsoft, then only $4.5 billion to $5 billion on Apple which means only covered 10% of the market share. New Entrants: For the personal computer industry, it could classify in components such as memory storage, microprocessor, operation system, platform, application software and distribution for each one had a different level of barriers of entry. For example, Microsoft and Intel which produce microprocessor and operation system. This kind of products was required high specialization and a high cost of investment, therefore, it had higher barriers of entry. However, for the platforms, application software and distribution have low barriers of entry it was due to these products was easy to imitate and it required lower investment to produce it. Bargaining power of buyer: it could categorize into three sectors: the first one was business/government which is the large one. This sector could produce 60% of the units and 70% of the total income. The second was individual/home market produce 31% of units and 23% of income the last one and also the small sector one it was educational that only could generate 9% of units and 7% of income. With this information we can assume that the large business, government, and school, the could buy computers in a huge volume as a result, they were strong enough to dictate term and bargain on price, quality, and service. However, personal computer was more sensitive to the price because they were more likely to notice a price rise and switch to another product. Bargaining power of supplier: the components for manufacturing personal computer was the microprocessor, motherboard, memory storage, and peripherals such as monitor, keyboard or mouse, along with bundled software. The memory storage and peripheral were components that was extremely regularized and very accessible from any supplier which mean it would be easy to switch from one supplier to another. Consequently, the supplier of those similar components had lower force in the PC industry. However, Microsoft and Intel which produce microprocessor and operation system, these components embraced important power in the market especially for the personal computer makers that they wanted to trade their computer as a package which means include preinstalled software. Moreover, Apple worked exclusively with Motorola. Motorola was the only supplier to Apple. Therefore, it was not only would not be easy to change the supplier but also was sensitive price. How to cite Apple Inc, Papers Apple Inc Free Essays Features of Apple Industry:2 Evaluation of Steve Jobs as a strategic leader4 Strategic Innovation5 Recommendation7 Conclusion8 Reflection of our group work9 References12 Introduction As the first of the World’s Most Innovative Companies (Business week, 2010) and the 17th of the Best Global Brands (Interbrand, 2010), Apple has succeeded in strategic leadership and innovation, which has drawn attention from the world recently. This essay focuses on some key issues of Apple’s innovation. It begins with analyzing the key features of Apple Inc by Porter’s five forces and Kay’s distinctive capabilities. We will write a custom essay sample on Apple Inc or any similar topic only for you Order Now Then, the evaluations of the CEO Steve Jobs as the strategic leader and explanations of Apple’s strategic innovation are involved. The final section is our recommendations to Apple. Features of Apple Industry: In the stage of analyzing the key features of Apple industry, the first method is the Porter’s five forces model. It divides into five parts, threat of new entrants, threat of substitutes, bargaining power of buyers, bargaining power of suppliers and competitive rivalry within an industry (Assen, Berg and Pietersma,2009). Firstly, for Apple, there are some new entrants have disruptive power. For example, some online services which are similar to iTunes. However, there are numbers of high requirement for new entrants to get in the market, for instance, time and cost of entry. In the part of substitutes, nowadays, large amount of substitutes have good performance, they cost lower, are easy to switch, but only few of them have same quality as Apple’s products in the same price. In terms of bargaining power of buyers, it is an influential trouble for Apple. Although Apple has vast and loyal customers, every buyer and retailer all want better stuff in lower price. Moreover, they may reduce spending on Apple’s products if their economy downturn. Furthermore, Apple can ignore bargaining power of its professional suppliers, such as Inter, and strategic alliance, like Microsoft. The last part is the existing rivalry; Apple has a lot of powerful competitors, for example, HP and Lenovo. They pressure into Apple in every technological area and attract buyers by different products. Nevertheless, to be the most innovation company of the world, Apple industry is competitive all the time. Another method used in analysing key features of Apple industry is Kay’s distinctive capabilities. This model consists of Architecture, Reputation and Innovation. Architecture: in the internal part between firm and employees, Apple industry has owns special corporate culture and a spiritual leadership. Apple corporate culture is featured in intense works and being pursuit of perfect works under a casual atmosphere and with sharing spirit. For a spiritual leadership, Steve Jobs’ role in Apple is motivating employees to bring employees’ creative talent into full play and not involving in the employees’ work. In the external part and net works of architecture, Apple only choose strong suppliers having professional advantages to cooperate, such as Intel, it always cooperate other firms with its own purpose. For instance, the apple chose the Google to take advantage of its maps and video features for phone. Reputation: Apple has a great reputation that is built up on the basis of the quality signals and consumers’ own experiences. Apple pays attention to quality of products. Apple keeps a trial and error on every product to prevent any quality problems from happening in future. Moreover, Apple’s production is always based on consumers’ experience. For example, Apple offers a free trial for consumers to feel their products. Innovation: Apple is famous for its innovation that can be demonstrated by technological innovation, product innovation and management innovation. Technological innovation means a perfect integration between hardware and software and Apple also keep updating them. Referring to product innovation, from first imac to recent-product i phone, Apple products, combining different functions, all go through the innovation. Speaking of management innovation, after Steve job’s employment, Apple’s management style is successfully transformed from relaxed style to controlled one. Evaluation of Steve Jobs as a strategic leader Steve Jobs is known to be eccentric when it comes to strategy and business because he strives to become a market leader by dominating the competitors in customer loyalty, distribution and coverage, perceived value, price, profit and promotional spending. This is evident when we compare Apple and Microsoft because when Microsoft shows profit by sheer quantity, Apple competes strongly with the quality of its products and services. As an innovative leader, Steve Jobs is legendary which is reflected on his company motto â€Å"Think different! † Rethinking, reinventing and revitalizing are the three main ways of doing business according to Steve Jobs. Simplicity and innovation in terms of the product range gave Steve Jobs the edge over other competitors. A well-known example for this is the annual launch of new and updated versions of the iPod with a simple change in colour, form-factor and memory capacity. His risk-taking approach to business is believed to be unique making him an epitome of courage. His idea of self-belief and a vision enabled him to lead a great career life. He believes in investing in new innovative products and services that are built on existing technologies to create a â€Å"customer and market-based business†. His ability to get over failures and try again makes him a suitable comparison with Thomas Edison who had his share of failures along with mighty successes. Apple is a multi-billion company and yet they have just fewer than 30 different products. This is because of Steve Jobs’ immense drive for focus on a specific and well-identified section of the consumer electronics market. This shows the stringent and perseverant character of Steve Jobs as he would have told â€Å"No† to many potential ideas related both to the products and in recruitment. When Steve Jobs was fired from Apple in 1985 and came back in 1996, he implemented what we now believe as a CEO-centric model of strategic leadership that involves not just generation of ideas but also to hold the rudder of a massive ship that is Apple. Hence Steve Jobs will always be remembered as one of the most visionary, creative and high-impact leaders of his generation or any generation. Strategic Innovation Apple has successfully engaged in strategic innovation and has awarded the most innovative firm for triple years continuously. At the same time, it is the top one most admired firm in American (McGregor, 2008). Due to apple’s history, it belongs to established company. Therefore, overcoming the inertia of success and making a change is a big challenge. Combing Palmer and Kaplan’s theory of seven dimensions of strategic innovation with apple’s experience, this paper analyzes strategic innovation in Apple. In terms of Markides (1998), strategic innovation is basic principles build up new business modules and creates new markets and increase benefits for both company and consumer. In other words, strategic innovation refers to company needs to market positioning and was good at founding vacant space in market and filled up. Palmer and Kaplan’s theory of seven dimensions of strategic innovation are explained as follow: A Managed Innovation Process -Assembling conventional and unconventional ways to business strategy (Palmer, D. and Kaplan, S. , 2007). It is said that apple’s products develop in simultaneous stages and Apple always sticks with a proprietary ecosystem. Though it has some drawbacks, the benefits outweigh drawbacks. Core Technologies and Competencies- Main skills (ibid). Due to the face that Apple is high-tech Company, it requires consecutive high technologies innovation. Apple was dedicated to study innovative industrial design; such as apple has the world’s most advanced operating system and intuitive UI and so on. Industry Foresight –Forecasting the complex forces driving change (ibid. Steve Jobs quoted the words from Wayne Gretzky-â€Å"I skate to where the puck is going to be, not where it has been† (Jobs, 2008, cited in Yates, 2010). And he said they always tried to do that at Apple since the very beginning. Strategic Alignment – Establishing Support (ibid). In Apple, when it comes to a strong strategic vision for the business, the powerful leader is capable to align the people in the organization with the direction inherent in this vision. Therefore, the enthusiastic internal support could be achieved. Consumer/Customer Insight – Deep perceiving of target (ibid). On one hand, Apple possesses wide audience ranging from amateurs to professionals. On the other hand, Apple satisfies customers’ requirements. All products are characterized by human interface design and ease of use, combing aesthetics and simplicity, showing a perfect balance of form and function. Organizational Readiness – The ability to implement strategy (ibid. ) The board of directors had been re-structured since Jobs took over in 1997. Apple gets an excellent leadership and team spirit. At the same time, Apple masters core technologies and competencies. Sufficient preparation leads to success. Disciplined Implementation –Putting the strategy into effect (ibid. ) Apple’s process of implementation follows the module: culture- product-user-brand. All the products that meet user’s needs abide by their culture, which causes consumer loyalty; they get good reputation, therefore, the brand is established. Certainly, effective marketing strategy is an essential part of successful implementation. Recommendation Based on analysis above, here follows some recommendations to Apple. Maintain design spirit. As most customers are attracted by peculiar aesthetic design of products, Apple should continue paying attention to it. Keep innovation. Innovation is the soul of Apple Inc, Keeping innovation will bring Apple a bright future. Improve product compatibility. Improving compatibility is able to increase the opportunities of choosing Apple products. At the same time, the product market share will be improved. Search for the promising leader and create positive crises. It is essential to find another brilliant leader after Jobs. Apple should keep unsatisfied with current success and pursue change. Find hi-tech partners. Consumer electronics and entertainment industry are high competitive industries which update technology frequently. Thus, finding partner is crucial for an enterprise in the industry, especially, a hi-tech partner. Conclusion According to studied about Apple, it can be reached that there is an excellent management team in Apple Inc. , especially the CEO Steve Jobs, a strategic, spiritual leader with strong personality. In terms of strategy of the corporation, it is sticking to core competencies and innovation strategy, making the perfect products to consumer. With reference to organization, Apple is a mix-mechanic and organic style. Staffs in Apple are always with passion and love their own company as well. Performance of Apple in the consumer electronic and entrainment market which is a hyper competition market with technology updating speedily is excellent. There are a large number of loyal customers, great strategies, beautiful products and influential leadership which are all produced by Apple, an innovation corporation. Reflection of our group work Our group work focuses on a topic- Strategic Leadership and Innovation at Apple Inc. y Apple case studies, several key questions are asked to answer, including the key features of Apple industry, the evaluations of the CEO Steve Jobs as the strategic leader, explanations of Apple’s strategic innovation and our recommendations to Apple. Our group activities was proceed according to a routine of making assignment for each people; then searching for materials individually; next, sharin g ideas and of discussing issues together. In the following part, we will introduce a procedure of our group activity in detail. The object of our first group meeting was getting main idea to carry out our project after we read the apple case material. In this meeting, our group discussed and got general ideas and several key words from this case: what is management and innovation in Apple. But it didn’t work very well due to insufficient preparation. Therefore, when we made a second meeting, we changed our idea to go on our tasks according to orders of questions. Each two members of our group took responsible for one question, and a member took charge of introduction, recommendation and conclusion. In this time, everyone got a clear task. In the following group meeting, we discussed what we found from collected materials and gave advices of every question and pick the best ones to the questions. Everyone is asked to complete their own speeches of their own presentation. If we had problems of our project in the period of not being together, we still kept in touch online. In the last two group meeting, we all gave a brief presentation of our own part to group members and made them understand every piece of our works, and we all achieved agreement to our project without any doubt. One of team member combined all pieces of Power Point into the whole and decorated it. We all prepared for the presentation and kept practice with a time controlling together. For a group work, we evaluate that it is fairly good with advantages and disadvantages. On the one hand, we learned a lot from this group work. Firstly, we learned how to analyzer a case with models. Furthermore, we also learned that by a combination of case studies and models, it strengthens the knowledge we learned in the class. Secondly, this activity also improved our skills of doing presentation and reports. We got a clear understanding of requirements of good presentation and reports. Last but not least, our team members shared ideas and made up for each others’ disadvantages. From this experience we got the team work spirit and learn how to corporate with others, how to solve the conflicts. On the other hand, some problems existed in the period of meeting. Frankly speaking, some meetings are ineffective, because we didn’t prepared well what supposed to do about case studies. Moreover, on the account of some member’s absence and lack of team spirit, the progress of our group work was affected. Here are some suggestions to the future team work we learn from our experience: firstly, a clear schedule should be made in the beginning as a guide of future works. Secondly, team members need to improve group awareness and join in a group activity positively. Everyone of a group should review handouts or materials in advance of one’s own responsibility of a group. Lastly, the efficiency is critical to group work. References Assen. M. V. , Berg. G. V. D. , Pietersma. P. (2009) Key Management Models, Prentice Hall Best Global Brands, Retrieved Nov 4th, 2010, form http://www. interbrand. om/en/best-global-brands/Best-Global-Brands-2010. aspx Brian. C. Steve Jobs Killer Instintcts. Retrieved Oct 27th, 2010, form http://www. forbes. com/2009/04/06/apple-microsoft-advertising-technology-enterprise-tech-apple. html Harvard Business review blog, Retrieved Oct 27th , 2010, from http://blogs. hbr. org/taylor/2009/06/decoding_steve_jobs_trust_the. html Markides. C. (1998). Strategic Innovation in Established Companies, Sloan Management Review, pp31-42. McGregor. J. (2008). The world’s most innovative companies. Business week, April 17. Retrieved Oct 27th, 2010, from http://www. usinessweek. com/magazine/content/08_17/b4081061866744. htm Palmer, D. and Kaplan, S. (2007). A Framework for Strategic Innovation, Innovation Point LLC, PP. 1-24. Practice of leadership website, Retrieved Oct 28th, 2010, from http://www. thepracticeofleadership. net/2008/03/30/steve-jobs-and-his-leadership/ Roberts, J (2004). The Modern Firm, Oxford University Press. Saswati. 2010. The seven dimensions of strategic innovation. Retrieved Oct, 26th, 2010, form http://www. improvementandinnovation. com/features/articles/seven-dimensions-strategic-innovation? age=1 Strategy leader blog, Retrieved Oct 26th, 2010, from http://strategyleader. blogspot. com/2010/01/steve-jobs-risktaking-innovative. html The 25 Most Innovation Companies 2010. Retrieved Nov. 1st, 2010, form http://images. businessweek. com/ss/10/04/0415_most_innovative_companies/26. htm , Yates, V. |(2010). Steve Jobs. Retrieved Oct 26th, 2010, from http://www. leadevalues. com/Content/detail. asp? ContentDetailID=1369 1000 ventures website, Retrieved Oct 27th, 2010, from http://www. 1000ventures. com/business_guide/market_leader. html How to cite Apple Inc, Papers

Being Black or White in Canada Two Nations

Question: Discuss about theBeing Black or White in Canadafor Two Nations. Answer: Introduction Canadians have a habit of asking people the question of their origin (Veenstra Patterson, 2016, p. 53). This especially happens when one is not white. It is until they know one's race and geographical coordinates that they can relax. They are always curious to know the exact place that one comes from, what one's race is and who one's parents are. Lawrence Hill, the author the of the article The Question has been asked the question about his origin so many times by the Canadians which makes him feel offended ( Lawrence, 2001, p. 29). According to Lawrence Hill, the Canadians who are asked the question of their origin are the black and mixed race people. Rarely do black people ask others of their origin because they have been asked the question countless times which have made them sophisticated through their experiences. Lawrence Hill is convinced that the Canadians do not ask the question about one's race out of curiosity, but they are interested in knowing one's ancestry. The Canadians will not ask a Canadian who is indisputably white and whose accent is similar to traditional Anglo-Canadian of his origin. The black people are the ones who are faced with this question since the Canadians feel that they have the right to know the exact place where they originate (Lawrence, 2001, p. 45). They view the black people as different from them because they do not resemble them and they are clearly not Canadians. The Canadians teach their children etiquette such that by teenage they understand what is polite and what is n ot. However, they do not warn them of asking people of their origin which Lawrence Hill views as impolite (Hacker, 2010, p. 64). Lawrence Hill interviewed several people in the greater Toronto area who gave different views on how they responded to the question of their origin. One of the people who was interviewed was Tyson Brown who said that when he was asked the question of his origin, he took it as an advantage to educate people concerning issues of blackness and mixed race. He responded to the question by saying that he was mixed white Canadian and African Canadian. Tyson was in a high school which was largely white, and he explained to Hill how he came to embraced his identity as a young black man. However Dan another interviewee narrated that the question was an unpleasant experience when he was growing up since people did not believe when he told them that he was half black (Lawrence, 2001, p.22). Karyn Hood said that she often got mad at people who asked her about her race. Karyn explained that she was perceived as exotic, preferred to date black men and cultivated friendships with black community which she finds annoying. Natalie wall said to Lawrence Hill that the question of his origin was a very rude one. People he encountered on the streets were always guessing about his origin and when he told them that he was Canadian and they still insisted on knowing the exact place he came from. Jaz Miller is sick of being asked the question so many times that she has invented a way of responding to the question with the aim of embarrassing the person asking it. Aaron Cavon narrated that people were always surprised when he refused to answer the question since it irritated him. People in Toronto felt offended when they were constantly asked about their racial background (Fanon, 2008, p. 35). Lawrence Hill finds the question of his origin offensive because it makes a false assumption about the identity of black and mixed race people. The race is used as a factor to base their identity. He records that when he gets up in the morning, he does not consider whether he is black and carries on his activities normally. He cares less of the whiteness and blackness within him which the society reflects back at him. Lawrence Hill feels that interrogating someone especially a stranger of their identity is very wrong (Lawrence, 2001, p. 23). One vivid experience I encountered was when I was in an exchange program in one of the universities in the United States. Every student was curious to know of the country that I came from since I looked different from them. The questions ranged from who my parents were to what their origin was. I was asked this many times that it offended me. I wondered how my origin mattered to them. Just like Hill, I feel that it is the high time that people stop questioning people about their race and appreciate them regardless of their colour or origin. Conclusion Personally, I find the question about my origin offensive just like Hill. It is wrong to judge people based on their race because it most often leads to discrimination. It is not edifying at all since it makes a person feel alone in a strange country where people are of a different race. It feels offensive when people bombard you with questions about your race instead of being hospitable. References Fanon, F. (2008). Black skin, white masks. Grove Press. Hacker, A. (2010). Two Nations: Black and White, separate, hostile, unequal. Simon andSchuster. Lawrence, H. (2001). On being white or black in Canada. Canada: HarperCollins Publishers. McKinnon, B., Yang, S., Kramer, M. S., Bushnik, T., Sheppard, A. J., Kaufman, J. S. (2016). Comparison of blackwhite disparities in preterm birth between Canada and the United States. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 188(1), E19-E26. Ramraj, C., Shahidi, F. V., Darity, W., Kawachi, I., Zuberi, D., Siddiqi, A. (2016). Equally Inequitable? A cross-national comparative study of racial health inequalities in the United States and Canada. Social Science Medicine, 161, 19-26. Veenstra, G., Patterson, A. C. (2016). BlackWhite Health Inequalities in Canada. Journal Of Immigrant and Minority Health, 18(1), 51-57.

Quality of US Healthcare Essays - Healthcare Quality, Primary Care

In a country where the health care system is largely provided by the private sector, only 15% of the population has health insurance coverage. A situation that pushes us from the middle/lower social class to wonder about the quality of care we are receiving. The healthcare system is as much controversial as getting the care we need, and how this one is delivered to us. The President of the United States had signed a comprehensive health reform on March 23rd, 2010, the Patient Protection Affordable Care Act (PPACA) which is expected to bring changes to the system, and this act is supposedly bringing a new momentum to the healthcare industry. The American population is actually wondering whether a deep analysis of the future trends on healthcare should give them a clear understanding of where the United States healthcare would be in the next years to come, including improvement on the safety and reliability of the healthcare system. If we were to describe the U.S. healthcare system with all its components, we would have to say that it is a facet of complex interactions of people, institutions, and technology. For many Americans healthcare may be described as the interaction between a primary care physician and patient to address minor and urgent medical problems such as colds, flu, or back pain. A primary care physician (PCP); usually a general practitioner, a family practitioner, internist, or pediatrician, is the ?forefront? caregiver or even the first health qualified personnel to estimate and treat the patient. In a physician office there are lots of routines physical examinations, anticipation such as immunization and health rerun to detect disease, and treatment of acute and chronic diseases. The healthcare system consists of all the medical personnel tied together in one field. This system may be viewed as a complex made up of three interrelated components: people in need of healthcare services called hea lthcare consumers; those who deliver the service, the professionals and practitioners called healthcare providers; and systematic arrangements for delivering healthcarethe public and private agencies that organize, plan, regulate finance, and coordinate servicescalled the institutions or organizations of the healthcare system. This institutional component includes hospitals, clinics, and home-health agencies; the insurance companies and programs that pay for services like Blue Cross/Blue Shield, managed-care plans such as health maintenance organizations, and preferred providers organizations; an entitlement program like Medicaid. Also included are agencies and associations that research and monitor the quality of health care services; license and accreditation providers and institutions; local, state, and national professional societies; and the companies that produce medical technology, equipment, and pharmaceuticals (a href="http://www.libraryindex.com/pages/1817/Nation-s-Health- Care-System-COMPONENTS-HEALTH-CARE-SYSTEM.html">The Nation's Health Care System - The Components Of The Health Care System/a>) Despite the higher cost of our healthcare system, one would think that the service we are providing would be astonishing; we would actually see the improvement of making the hospitalized patients more comfortable in their skin. While the economy is getting tougher, the high cost of living is climbing up the trees; our healthcare system still falls behind other nations in term of quality, access, affordability. Five affluent international trading partners of the United States spend far less on health care, yet the comparative value of these countries' health systems- measured by cost, workforce health, and quality of care- is often better than that experienced by American workers and employers. And that "value gap" puts the United States at a distinct competitive disadvantage to their global peers, according to the Business Roundtable's Health System Value Comparability Study (Anonymous, 2011). Comparing the value of U.S. health care with that of the health systems of the "G-5" countr ies (Canada, France, Germany, Japan, and the United Kingdom), the study finds that our nation has made progress in improving healthcare value over previous years but still trailed the G-5 by 2,0.8 percentage points in 2007. "At the current rate of gap closure, it would take over 20 years for the U.S. health system to pull even with the value delivered by the health systems of the G-5 and an additional 10 years to establish a meaningful lead," the authors say. When comparing our healthcare system to other nations? healthcare organism, we would say the health insurance of certain countries are costs less than

Free Essays on Relationships

Relationships are very complicated things to explain. They have many different dimensions to which they can be looked at from. You have romantic relationships as well as relationships like family and friends. In this paper, I will try to unlock the inner sanctum of what I, myself, look for in relationships and how I judge who my perfect partner would be. I will hope to accomplish this task by explaining many different aspects, such as my attachment style, my style of love, and what I find attractive in the opposite sex. I will also explain my relationship with my parents and how it effects my relationships in life and how the triangular theory applies to me. My attachment style is hard to explain. I don’t use just one style. All of them come into effect in different situations, as they do with all people. Propinquity has effected me on one occasion with one of my closest friends, Rykki. We were always around each other all throughout high school. We started to evolve feelings for each other towards the end of our senior year. In this I came to realize that she had almost everything that I look for in a female companion. My style of love is something even more difficult to explain than my attachment style. I have a little of each style. At times, I look at love as a game like in the Lodus style. On the other hand, I incorporate the Pragma style sometimes in choosing a girl. I look at the more practical side of choosing them to best work in a relationship. Everybody has certain qualities they look for in a mate. I have my own â€Å"checklist† per say on what I look for in a girl. It begins with physical characteristics. I like a girl with long hair, a nice face, and they have to be within my height range 5’0-5’5. I have no preference to hair color or eye color but I like a girl with pretty eyes. Next is their mental state of being or personality. They have to like some of the things I like but not necessarily all of them. Iï ¿ ½... Free Essays on Relationships Free Essays on Relationships How have three texts you have studied enhanced your understanding of relationships? Refer to Maestro and two other texts of your choosing? Relationships are a complex part of today’s society and affect all areas. All relationships are different, and they influence the decisions made by people and others around them. The three texts ‘Maestro’ by Peter Goldsworthy, ‘Dead Poets Society’ directed by Peter Weir and ‘Goodnight Mr Tom’ by Michelle Magorian all enhance the understanding of relationships. These three texts, all show various types of relationships, are all presented in various ways. The main relationship presented in ‘Maestro’ involves the unlikely friendship developed between a teacher (Keller) and his student (Paul). The main relationship in ‘Goodnight Mr Tom’ is rather similar and involves the relationship between an elderly man (Tom) and an evacuee he was forced to take on- a young boy (Willie). Finally the main relationship exposed in ‘Dead Poets Society’ is between a teacher (John Keating) and his pupils including Neil and Todd. All of these relationships in these texts enhance ones understanding of relationships by techniques used. ‘Maestro’s’ unique technique, is not only the use of first person, but how the whole story is a combination of flashbacks and memories by the narrator Paul of when ‘he was only a child’. From this perspective, the narrator reflects back on this enchanted period of childhood and adolescence. His relationship with Keller is very cold at first, and we know this is misleading through the first line when Paul quotes ‘First Impressions? Misleading, of course. As always’. The first chapter is about Paul and Keller, and how they do not get along. Through the first line, we know that this is a false impression of their relationship and that it will improve. This line that Paul recites, generally describes all relationships. They are false on first impress... Free Essays on Relationships Relationships are very complicated things to explain. They have many different dimensions to which they can be looked at from. You have romantic relationships as well as relationships like family and friends. In this paper, I will try to unlock the inner sanctum of what I, myself, look for in relationships and how I judge who my perfect partner would be. I will hope to accomplish this task by explaining many different aspects, such as my attachment style, my style of love, and what I find attractive in the opposite sex. I will also explain my relationship with my parents and how it effects my relationships in life and how the triangular theory applies to me. My attachment style is hard to explain. I don’t use just one style. All of them come into effect in different situations, as they do with all people. Propinquity has effected me on one occasion with one of my closest friends, Rykki. We were always around each other all throughout high school. We started to evolve feelings for each other towards the end of our senior year. In this I came to realize that she had almost everything that I look for in a female companion. My style of love is something even more difficult to explain than my attachment style. I have a little of each style. At times, I look at love as a game like in the Lodus style. On the other hand, I incorporate the Pragma style sometimes in choosing a girl. I look at the more practical side of choosing them to best work in a relationship. Everybody has certain qualities they look for in a mate. I have my own â€Å"checklist† per say on what I look for in a girl. It begins with physical characteristics. I like a girl with long hair, a nice face, and they have to be within my height range 5’0-5’5. I have no preference to hair color or eye color but I like a girl with pretty eyes. Next is their mental state of being or personality. They have to like some of the things I like but not necessarily all of them. Iï ¿ ½... Free Essays on Relationships Relationships If you had told me one year ago when my life was perfect that I would be divorced, become a single mother and have to start dating again, I would’ve re-thought the whole thing. Even if I saw it coming, I found myself unprepared for the sudden impact of my divorce. Getting a divorce can feel a lot like having a giant wrecking ball slammed into my life. Things that I took for granted yesterday no longer apply to my life today. Everything is changing at a rapid pace. Many of my dreams and plans for the future, as well as my day-to-day existence, suddenly became unrecognizable bits and pieces. Things became stressful for me and I gained a lot more responsibilities. Not only was stress involved but also being divorced created a financial problem for me. I would sometimes feel angry and had to learn how to deal with it instead of acting on those feelings. Longing to be with someone to fulfill the emptiness I would sometime question myself did I make the right decision? I realize starting over could be a new beginning for me. But before I could move on I have to sort through the issues that were left from the divorce, choosing what to leave behind and w hat to keep. Since my ex-husband was a civilian and myself military I may consider marrying someone with the same occupation. By identifying what went wrong, what my part in it was and how I would like things to be different in the future, can better prepare me for similar situations in future relationships. It is important to take time to listen to yourself and see how you’re really feeling. And keep these things in mind: Treat yourself gently, don’t make any big decisions, lean into the pain, cry when you want to and don’t care what other people say or think, be very selfish and most of all love yourself no matter how hard that is. Becoming a single parent, which can be difficult at times, was another result of being divorced. Being that I... Free Essays on Relationships Relationships: Who’s in Control When it comes to relationships, the aspect of control can be put into two categories, one being complimentary and the other being symmetrical (Verderber, K. & Verderber, R., 2004). This holds true for all types of relationships. This paper will focus on preschool, marriage and workplace relationships. As stated above, the control aspect of a relationship can be viewed as complimentary or as symmetrical. A complimentary relationship can be defined as one person in the relationship agreeing to let the other person have greater power, where as in a symmetrical relationship no one person agrees on who has greater power. In a symmetrical relationship, usually one person will claim power and the other person will challenge it (Verderber, K. & Verderber, R., 2004). The control aspect of a relationship is not something that happens in a single meeting or a few interactions. This aspect of a relationship becomes determined through many exchanges over time. Complimentary relationships are usually viewed as having less controversy because the person with less power will usually not convey any disagreement. Although there may be a bit more controversy in a symmetrical relationship, the power is more likely to be evenly shared with the improbability of one person controlling every situation (Verderber, K. & Verderber, R., 2004). Although we teach our children very early in life how to share and work together, it is through their arguing that they are able to demonstrate any power or status. Watzlawick, Beavin and Jackson (1967) claim that both complimentary and symmetrical relations in children are important functions in their relationships and that children need to learn to cope with both roles, just as adults have to (Meyer, 1992). Some nonverbal ways that children use to gain power include invading another’s play area or standing up while others are sitting. It seems as though personal space ...

English class Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

English class - Essay Example The desire to contribute to the technical world is mounting in the young minds. They are motivated and inspired to provide their innovative ideas in the field of engineering and therefore School of Engineering was the best opportunity to enable these aspiring talents to procure their degrees and make their ways in the field of engineering. The School of Engineering was opened in the spring of 2008 in the span of 115,000 square foot area with finest lecture halls and 60 research as well as teaching laboratories. This also encompasses study spaces, classrooms and faculty offices as well. The young talents also want to put their share of contribution in the field of business and they are keen in providing a new dimension to the field of business and their dealings in a novel paradigm. Keeping this in view, School of Business was opened in January 2008 in a wide area of 145,000 sq. ft. The area encompasses classrooms in traditional manner with faculty offices a trading room as well as ca pital markets center. It also encompasses common rooms for students where they can share their views and thoughts in a more informal manner. It also keeps in view that recreation is must for the process of learning and therefore it also includes cafe for refreshing self and also for relaxing mind to accommodate and contribute more towards learning process. It also emphasize on the collaborative learning process as well as team discussions.

God sees everything Discuss the importance of vision and blindness in Essay

God sees everything Discuss the importance of vision and blindness in 'The Great Gatsby' - Essay Example This paper will particularly discuss the importance of the concepts of vision and blindness in the novel. The Great Gatsby presents a complex vision of the interrelation between impulses, and its final meaning resides in an understanding of the nature of that relationship. This brings us to the fact that in the novel, women are portrayed as the object of such impulses and therefore, a key to understanding such thesis. According to Judith Fetterly (1978), the American literature in regard to the romantic nostalgia set store on the sense of wonder, which is intimately and expectedly paired with a sense of loss and that women are usually used as counters to these emotions. (p. 75) Fitzgerald’s vision of lost America is widely regarded as the same with Gatsby’s vision of Daisy. In the male mind, which is collectively those of Gatsby, Carraway and Fitzgerald’s, the impulse to wonder is instinctively associated with the image of woman, and the ensuing gambits of the romantic imagination are played out in female metaphors. What this means for us is that in the novel, Gatsby is the incarnation of the American visionary and his story is the chronicle of the quintessential â€Å"American dream† with Daisy herself as America, like the old island that flowered once for the Dutch sailor eyes - the freshest green breast of the new world. (Fitzgerald p. 140) She was the conscious and subconscious focus of Gatsby’s visions and actions. The â€Å"green light† in the novel further provided insight in this regard. At the end of Chapter I, Nick Carraway, lingered on the lawn for sometime, under the stars, and became aware that Gatsby was there, too: I decided to call on him†¦ But I didn’t†¦ for he gave a sudden intimation that he was content to be alone – he stretched out his arms toward the dark water in a curious way, and, as far as I was from him, I could have sworn he was trembling. Involuntarily I glanced seaward – and distinguished nothing except a

Comparison of Beer Industry in Italy and Canada

Comparison of Beer Industry in Italy and Canada Introduction Beer is one of the most used beverages in the world next to coffee and tea. The beer industry therefore as we can imagine is one of the biggest industries in the world with many competitors inside of the industry. It is not surprising that many different kinds of beer and a variety of brands can be found in both Italy and Canada, and both of the countries has a long history of development of brewery industry as well. In this article, we are going to compare both of the countries markets, industry condition, cultural differences, political background and so forth, all those information will be taken into consideration, and be processed to make the final decision on which county environment is more suitable and beneficial for us to invest into. Some theories are going to be applied to analyse the cultural dimensions of both countries, such as Hofstedes cultural dimensions, and SWOT analysis, Porters Five Forces Model. Methodology What method do you use to compile your factbook and why? The methods i use to compile my factbook is that i are going to apply some frameworks from respected authors that are most applicable to my chosen industry (beer industry) such as Hofstede, SWOT analysis and Porters five forces. What prime theory and approaches do you draw on and why? Hofstedes Cultural Dimensions Hofstede measures the cultural dimensions differences in different countries. There are five dimensions in this framework, namely the Power Distance Index (PDI), the Individualism-Collectivism, Masculinity-Femininity and Uncertainty Avoidance. Since Hofstede measures cultural dimensions, therefore it will be used in the cultural system page of the paper when the cultural aspects are discussed. SWOT Analysis SWOT is the abbreviation for Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats. It is an analytical framework to help summarize in a quick and concise way the risks and opportunities for a certain company, for my case the beer industry in two different countries, Canada and Italy. The SWOT analysis looks into internal factors within the company/industry/country (Strengths and Weaknesses) and external factors outside the company/industry/country (Opportunities and Threats). This method will eventually help us to look at the main positive, (strength and opportunities), and the negative, (weaknesses and threats), sides of both countries when comparing. Initially this should help us decide on which country would be most attractive to invest in the beer industry. For this reason, this method will be used at the end of the paper, which will give us an conclusive overview of the both countries. Porters Five Forces Model Porters five forces model argues that there are five forces in an industry to determine the extent and scale of the competition. These five forces affect the industries attractiveness. It is an efficient tool to analyse competition in the industry. In this model, five forces are the threat of substitute products or services, the threat of the entry of new competitors, the intensity of competitive rivalry, the bargaining power of customers, and the bargaining power of suppliers. The industrys attractiveness is the primary and fundamental factor to deciding the profitability, and in any industry, the rule of competition will be reflected in any of the five competitive forces. The purpose of Porters five forces is to show the attractiveness of the beer industry in both Canada and Italy and to help investors decide in which country to enter in the beer industry, besides it could help companies to develop a particular strategy in the industry, and this theory might be used in chapter whic h deals with market / industry conditions. What method of data collection and analysis do you use and why? The methods i use to collect my data are searching my universitys library modules for useful academic articles and using a mix of articles from authors known through literature and the Theory Tutorials for my Comparative Country Studies course. Of course, the reliable information on Internet is also consulted as additional sources, and i have also analyzed the annual report of the company. The beer industry of Italy and Canada In this section, relevant market conditions that apply to the Italian and Canadian beer sector will be explained. The market can be separated according to different factors like size and attractiveness as well. If we divide the market according the different market shares which individual brewery holds, we can see that there are several main player in the beer industry in both of the countries. Italy Italy is famous for its wines, however, it is not well-known for its own beer. Generally speaking, Italy doesnt consume nearly as much beer as its European neighbour, however, there is a growing trend of consumption for beer in Italy, the beer in Italy is not as widespread as in its European neighbours, mainly because there is a historical preference for wine in the country. Italian breweries have undergone a Renaissance in recent years. In fact, only in the past few years, Italy has started having beer drinking and tasting competitions and many related festivals. Normally, this sort of activity is reserved for wine, however, nowadays beer is earning more and more respect from wine-preferred Italians, and even many young Italians prefer to support their countrys beer industry rather than the wine industry now, still, the Italian beer industry has much space to grow and be developed. There are some brands of beer in Italy, one of the oldest and most recognized breweries is Birra Peroni, which was established in 1846 and the headquarter of Peroni is in Rome. Peronis most famous product is a pilsner-style beer. Nastro Azzuro, which is also one of the few Italian beers that marketed all over the world, Nastro Azzuro, is a rather light style beer, many breweries are crafting darker, heavier beers that are rousing interest from new and experienced beer drinkers alike. In addition to those giant breweries, there are many microbreweries in Italy, and they play a important role and have a great portion of the market as well. A microbrewery particularly gains attention from young Italians is Birrificio Baladin, the brewery appeals to young generation through quirky advertisements and sponsoring international music festivals and young Italians think theres room in the global beer market for some of their most outstanding brews. Canada Traditionally, Canadas largest brewing companies were Labatts and Molson. In 1995, Labatts was purchased by an Belgian company which is called Interbrew and it is now a part of Brazilian-Belgian Anheuser-Busch InBev, the worlds largest brewing company and Molson, the other largest beer company, which was merged with US company Coors in 2005 and created a new company called Molson Coors, which is the worlds fifth largest brewing company now. In 2006, with the purchase of Sleeman Breweries, the largest remaining Canadian brewery was purchased by the Japanese owned Sapporo Brewery, Canadas beer production has been mainly under the control of foreign multinationals. By the end of 2006, nearly 90% of beer sales was of product brewed domestically under licence from non-domestic corporations. American beers brewed under licence dominate much of the market. For instance, Budweiser is brewed under licence in Canada by Labatts and Coors Light by Molson. The market in Canada for domestic beer is dominated by Labatt, Molson and Sleeman, all foreign-owned companies. The largest Canadian-owned brewer, Moosehead breweries, only controls about 5.5% of the Canadian market. Country comparison Macro-economic indicators Economy Canada population 33,487,208 (July 2009 est.). Italy population 58,126,212 (July 2009 est.). Economic freedom Canada world rank 6. Economic freedom Italy world rank 87. Finance Financial freedom for Canada: 80.0. Financial freedom in Italy 60.0 Canada investment freedom 75.0. Italy investment freedom 75.0. Canada Economy -GDP (Purchasing Power Parity) $ 1.335 trillion (2010 est.). Country comparison to the world: 15. $1.297 trillion (2009 est.) $1.33 trillion (2008 est.) -GDP Per capita (PPP) $39,600 (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 22 $38,700 (2009 est.) $40,000 (2008 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices) 1.6% (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 41 0.3% (2009 est.) Italy Economy -GDP (PPP) $1.782 trillion (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 11 $1.763 trillion (2009 est.) $1.857 trillion (2008 est.) -GDP per capita (PPP) $30,700 (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 43 $30,300 (2009 est.) $31,900 (2008 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices) 1.4% (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 32 0.8% (2009 est.) Historical developments Italy Beer is known and drank in Italy very long time ago, Italians brewed and consumed the blond drink. It said that Roman Emperor Agricola was a fan of beer when he was the governor of Britannia, and in 83 AD Roman Emperor Agricola raised to the imperial throne and came back to Italy, he took three master brewers with him from Glevum of which the ancient name Gloucester and opened the first real pub in Italy. Nowadays beer is especially loved by young people in Italy, which has been seen as an informal drink, compared to the wine which is alway used in much more formal places. Aperitif and wine tasting have now gained back to wine many casual drinkers, however, until a few years ago, young Italians actually drank more beer than wine. Pub-styled bars are still very popular in Italy and they have spread the love for the more exotic brands of beer: many of them serve Japanese, German, Australian and East European beers along with the more known ones brewed in the UK and Belgium. At least one bottle of Birra cinese (Chinese beer) is served on every table of every Chinese restaurant. Canada Beer was first introduced to Canada by European settlers in the seventeenth century, as Canada had an ideal climate for making and storing beer before refrigeration was introduced. The first commercial brewery was built by Jean Talon in Quebec City, in the year 1668. Over a century later a number of commercial brewers thrived, including some that became the staple of the Canadian industry: John Molson founded a brewery in Montreal in 1786, Alexander Keith inHalifax in 1820, Thomas Carling in London in 1840, John Kinder Labatt in 1847, also in London, Susannah Oland in Halifax in 1867, and Eugene OKeefe in Toronto in 1891. The very first patent to be issued by the Canadian government on July 6, 1842, was to one G. Riley for an improved method of brewing ale, beer, porter, and other maltliquors. Prohibition in Canada did not last as long as in the U.S. and was largely over by the mid 1920s (apart from Prince Edward Island, where it ran from 1901 to 1948). Nevertheless, it had a similar effect of leaving very few brewers, and it was only in the late twentieth century that there has been a revival and microbreweries have started. Brewpubs are still illegal in some provinces. Cultural system Hofstedes Cultural Dimensions of Italy and Canada Power Distance Individualism Masculinity Uncertainty Avoidance Italy Higher More collective More masculine Strong Canada Lower More individualistic More feminine Weak Power distance Canada is lower on the Hofstedes power distance index than Italy, Italy falls in the middle on the index overall. Italian seems to expect differences in power between people. Canadas Power Distance (PDI) is relatively low, with an index of 39, compared to a world average of 55. This is indicative of a greater equality between societal levels, including government, organizations, and even within families. This orientation reinforces a cooperative interaction across power levels and creates a more stable cultural environment. Individualism The more collective nature of Italy compared to Canada can be seen in many ways. It is not uncommon for grown children to live with their parents for years. Italian businesses are primarily owned by individuals and families. Business is preferably done with people with which one is familiar. Unacquainted guests will not be invited into an Italian home. Coffee or dinner will be taken with non-family members at a cafe or restaurant. Canada has Individualism (IDV) as the highest ranking (80) Hofstede Dimension, and is indicative of a society with a more individualistic attitude and relatively loose bonds with others. The populace is more self-reliant and looks out for themselves and their close family members. Masculinity Italy is a fairly masculine society and ranks slightly higher on this index than Canada. Many Italian men still treat women with gallantry and value machismo. Although women have entered the workforce, their numbers are still small and few are in upper echelon positions. Italian household are the sole domain of women; Italian women for the most part cook, clean and care for the children. Italians place a prime importance on material possessions. It is very important to look good in Italy. However, like a more feminine culture, Italians also know how to take time to appreciate the good things in life. Italians work in order to live rather than living to work. Ambition is not prevalent in Italian culture. Therefore i assume that beer as a informal beverage, it is more popular under this kind of cultural background rather than more formal cultural background countries. Uncertainty Avoidance Italy avoids uncertainly more strongly than Canada. By and large Italians prefer to do business with people they know. In addition, Italians prefer to know something about an individual before they speak with him/her on the phone. Thus, in business one should send an introductory fax and follow-up with a phone call. Political/Government System Beer or malt liquor, is defined as all fermented liquor brewed in whole or in part from malt for the purposes of the Excise Act, grain or any saccharine matter without any process of distillation, but does not include wine. Italian Alcohol Taxes and Duties Legislative Framework Alcohol Duty Beer (5% ABV or 12ËÅ ¡ Plato) 0.12Â £ per pint Wine (bottle 11.5% ABV) 0.00Â £ per 75 cl As we can see in the table of different rates of duty applies to beer in Italy, which contains following level of duty. Italy is a member of the European Union, therefore it shares the Common External Tariff regime. EU duties are charged by the Italian Customs Agency on the CIF (cost, insurance and freight) value of the product imported into Italy. The Alcohol Act (2001) bans TV and radio advertising of alcoholic products between 4PM and 9PM and prohibits alcohol advertisements from being shown on TV within 15 minutes before or after any childrens programs. The Act also requires a self-regulatory code to be provided jointly by media companies, advertising agencies and advertisers to govern alcohol advertising. For the legal drinking age, there is no minimum age of legal drinking. And the legal purchasing age of alcohol is 16 and 18. South Tyrol prohibits both serving and purchase for people under the age of 18 and to everybody in a state of inebriation. Milan has enforced a ban on those under 16 purchasing alcohol. Heavy fines are given to proprieters and parents if a transaction is completed. Canadian Alcohol Taxes and Duties Legislative Framework Beer Duty Up to 1.2% alcohol $2.591/hectolitre 1.2% to 2.5% alcohol $13.990/hectolitre Over 2.5% alcohol $27.985/hectolitre As we can see in the table of different rates of duty applies to beer, which contains following level of duty: (1) more than 2.5% absolute ethyl alcohol by volume; (2) more than 1.2% but not more than 2.5% absolute ethyl alcohol by volume; and (3) less than 1.2% absolute ethyl alcohol by volume, and for all beer containing more than 2.5% absolute ethyl alcohol by volume, the rate of excise duty is currently $27.985 per hectolitre. However, excise duties are not imposed on beer provided it is brewed by a person for personal or family use or to be given away without charge and is not for sale commercially. Canadian government showed how highly they value beer production and its breweries by lowering the taxes exercised on beer production. This is a benefit to the industry. As one of the leaders of the whole economy of Canada, the beer sector is likely to maintain these tax benefits and other benefits might be offered as well to the beer sector to develop the Canadian beer industry. In Canada, alcohol was taxed pursuant to the Excise Act previously. However, a new regime in Canada for the federal taxation of certain alcohol, including spirits and wines, was introduced in the Excise Act, 2001, which was implemented effective July 1, 2003. Excise duties on beer (and malt liquor) continue to be imposed under the Excise Act. Generally, different excise duty treatment applies to alcohol for non-beverage use. A licence is required authorizing certain alcohol operations under both the Excise Act, 2001, and the Excise Act. For beer, a licence is only required under the Excise Act for the commercial operation as a brewery, for example, the place where beer is manufactured. All brewery licensees are required to post and maintain security with the Canadian government. The amount of security is set at a minimum of $5,000. Generally, beer is subject to an excise duty that is imposed and becomes payable during the production process. The legal drinking and purchasing age in Canada are both 19. However, In some areas such as Ontario, Saskatchewan, British Columbia, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, Northwest Territories, Yukon, and Nunavut, underage drinking under parental supervision is permitted, with some restrictions, on ones own property in the provinces of New Brunswick andOntario and at home in the provinces of Prince Edward Island, British Columbia and Saskatchewan. InBritish Columbia, only children of the supervising parents, not any other minors such as guests, are allowed underage drinking. Consumption of alcohol in another persons home is subject to other laws. Major players The brewing industry had become extremely concentrated in Canada by the 1970s, being dominated by just three major companies, which are Molson, Labatt, and Carling-OKeefe. Canadas largest brewing companies were Labatts and Molson as we mentioned in the previous overview of industry condition of both countries. In 1995, Labatts was purchased by an Belgian company which is called Interbrew which is now part of Brazilian-Belgian Anheuser-Busch InBev, the worlds largest brewing company and Molson, the other largest beer company, which was merged with US company Coors in 2005 and created a new company called Molson Coors, and it is the worlds fifth largest brewing company now. In 2006, the largest remaining Canadian brewery was purchased by the Japanese owned Sapporo Brewery, Canadas beer production has been mainly under the control of foreign multinationals. By the end of 2006, nearly 90% of beer sales was of product brewed domestically under licence from non-domestic corporations. American beers brewed under licence dominate much of the market. For instance, Budweiser is brewed under licence in Canada by Labatts and Coors Light by Molson. The market in Canada for domestic beer is dominated by Labatt, Molson and Sleeman, all foreign-owned companies. The largest Canadian-owned brewer, Moosehead breweries, only controls small portion of the Canadian market. Italy hosts a few breweries, with the largest owned by the best known Italian and foreign brands. Peronis brewery produces the best known Italian beer: la Peroni. Peroni also produces the premium beer Mastro Azzurro and the brands WÃ ¼hrer, and lesser known Raffo. Heineken Italy brews its famous Heineken, but has also acquired the brands Moretti, Ichnusa, Birra Messina and Dreher. Carslberg owns a few brewerys in Northern and Central Italy. In Northern Italy, Forst brews its own branded beer as well as the famed Menabrea. In Friuli Venezia Giulia the latest brand of Italian beer Birra Castello, has been active since 1997. Along with these big players, there are lots of microbreweries small scale breweries that produce small quantities of beer, they also have premium quality. Major finding of comparison and recommendations Making a decision in which country to invest is not so easy, because of all those different variances in both of the counties, some of the variances are strength for Canada, however, some of them are favorable for Italy. In the first place, the tax rates between Canada and Italy differ. In Canada the rates are relatively lower than in Italy due to the fact that the tax level is relatively high in the European context. In addition to this, the Canadian government reduced taxes even more to benefit Canadian brewers. Secondly, when a look is taken at macroeconomic indicators like GDP per capita we see that Canada is a bit more favorable. However, since this differences are so small, both of the countries that we have chosen are developed countries, and GDP per capita which above certain level has a relatively weak influence on the consumption of beer. Therefore, this factor is not likely to have a significant influences on the desicion of investment in the countries. Thirdly, the population above legal drinking age in the markets has been calculated starting from the age at which alcohol consumption is allowed. This would mean that we start counting the population starting from 18 years old in Italy (some area start from 16 years old) and 19 years old in Canada. We find that the relative amount of people able to purchase and consume alcohol in Italy is larger than in Canada, because the whole population is larger in Italy than in Canada, and the population of legal drinking age are also higher in Italy than in Canada, therefore, the potential market in Italy are larger than in Canada. Lastly, when comparing markets according to its players and their market shares we find that Canada has a more concentrated market with high market share large players and many small players. Italy on the other hand has two old players with a high share and one smaller player while the rest of the market consists of really small players. It would therefore be an advantage to invest in the Italian market; trying to gain and increase a market share because of the fact that there are many foreign players already play very important roles in the Canadian market, Molson Coors Brewing company and Anheuser-Busch InBev have a market share of 42,70 and 42,20 percent respectively. Third place is hold by Moosehead Brewing company with a share of 5,90 percent. These three main players hold 90,8 percent of the market in total by volume. Taking all those facts into consideration, i would say that Italy would be the country that we are going to invest in. As we explained above, we analysed both countries SWOT, for Italy, the strength is market size, the weakness is relatively higher tax rate on alcohol, and the opportunities is that there are only two big old players and some extreme small players, gaining or increasing a share is relatively easy, and the market of Italy are more potential, because Italy still on the growing phase of beer industry. Moreover, since the age allowed to drink in Italy starting from the age of 18 and in some areas are even lower to 16, and with more population in Italy, therefore the market is bigger in Italy than in Canada. In addition, nowadays the Italian government highly values the Italian beer industry due to the impact on its economy and therefore taxes are getting lower and lower. And the threats of Italy is that new public policy may harm the beer industry, such as the advertising policy we mentioned before which bans the ads of alcohol in specific period of time on TV. Comparison of Beer Industry in Italy and Canada Comparison of Beer Industry in Italy and Canada Introduction Beer is one of the most used beverages in the world next to coffee and tea. The beer industry therefore as we can imagine is one of the biggest industries in the world with many competitors inside of the industry. It is not surprising that many different kinds of beer and a variety of brands can be found in both Italy and Canada, and both of the countries has a long history of development of brewery industry as well. In this article, we are going to compare both of the countries markets, industry condition, cultural differences, political background and so forth, all those information will be taken into consideration, and be processed to make the final decision on which county environment is more suitable and beneficial for us to invest into. Some theories are going to be applied to analyse the cultural dimensions of both countries, such as Hofstedes cultural dimensions, and SWOT analysis, Porters Five Forces Model. Methodology What method do you use to compile your factbook and why? The methods i use to compile my factbook is that i are going to apply some frameworks from respected authors that are most applicable to my chosen industry (beer industry) such as Hofstede, SWOT analysis and Porters five forces. What prime theory and approaches do you draw on and why? Hofstedes Cultural Dimensions Hofstede measures the cultural dimensions differences in different countries. There are five dimensions in this framework, namely the Power Distance Index (PDI), the Individualism-Collectivism, Masculinity-Femininity and Uncertainty Avoidance. Since Hofstede measures cultural dimensions, therefore it will be used in the cultural system page of the paper when the cultural aspects are discussed. SWOT Analysis SWOT is the abbreviation for Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats. It is an analytical framework to help summarize in a quick and concise way the risks and opportunities for a certain company, for my case the beer industry in two different countries, Canada and Italy. The SWOT analysis looks into internal factors within the company/industry/country (Strengths and Weaknesses) and external factors outside the company/industry/country (Opportunities and Threats). This method will eventually help us to look at the main positive, (strength and opportunities), and the negative, (weaknesses and threats), sides of both countries when comparing. Initially this should help us decide on which country would be most attractive to invest in the beer industry. For this reason, this method will be used at the end of the paper, which will give us an conclusive overview of the both countries. Porters Five Forces Model Porters five forces model argues that there are five forces in an industry to determine the extent and scale of the competition. These five forces affect the industries attractiveness. It is an efficient tool to analyse competition in the industry. In this model, five forces are the threat of substitute products or services, the threat of the entry of new competitors, the intensity of competitive rivalry, the bargaining power of customers, and the bargaining power of suppliers. The industrys attractiveness is the primary and fundamental factor to deciding the profitability, and in any industry, the rule of competition will be reflected in any of the five competitive forces. The purpose of Porters five forces is to show the attractiveness of the beer industry in both Canada and Italy and to help investors decide in which country to enter in the beer industry, besides it could help companies to develop a particular strategy in the industry, and this theory might be used in chapter whic h deals with market / industry conditions. What method of data collection and analysis do you use and why? The methods i use to collect my data are searching my universitys library modules for useful academic articles and using a mix of articles from authors known through literature and the Theory Tutorials for my Comparative Country Studies course. Of course, the reliable information on Internet is also consulted as additional sources, and i have also analyzed the annual report of the company. The beer industry of Italy and Canada In this section, relevant market conditions that apply to the Italian and Canadian beer sector will be explained. The market can be separated according to different factors like size and attractiveness as well. If we divide the market according the different market shares which individual brewery holds, we can see that there are several main player in the beer industry in both of the countries. Italy Italy is famous for its wines, however, it is not well-known for its own beer. Generally speaking, Italy doesnt consume nearly as much beer as its European neighbour, however, there is a growing trend of consumption for beer in Italy, the beer in Italy is not as widespread as in its European neighbours, mainly because there is a historical preference for wine in the country. Italian breweries have undergone a Renaissance in recent years. In fact, only in the past few years, Italy has started having beer drinking and tasting competitions and many related festivals. Normally, this sort of activity is reserved for wine, however, nowadays beer is earning more and more respect from wine-preferred Italians, and even many young Italians prefer to support their countrys beer industry rather than the wine industry now, still, the Italian beer industry has much space to grow and be developed. There are some brands of beer in Italy, one of the oldest and most recognized breweries is Birra Peroni, which was established in 1846 and the headquarter of Peroni is in Rome. Peronis most famous product is a pilsner-style beer. Nastro Azzuro, which is also one of the few Italian beers that marketed all over the world, Nastro Azzuro, is a rather light style beer, many breweries are crafting darker, heavier beers that are rousing interest from new and experienced beer drinkers alike. In addition to those giant breweries, there are many microbreweries in Italy, and they play a important role and have a great portion of the market as well. A microbrewery particularly gains attention from young Italians is Birrificio Baladin, the brewery appeals to young generation through quirky advertisements and sponsoring international music festivals and young Italians think theres room in the global beer market for some of their most outstanding brews. Canada Traditionally, Canadas largest brewing companies were Labatts and Molson. In 1995, Labatts was purchased by an Belgian company which is called Interbrew and it is now a part of Brazilian-Belgian Anheuser-Busch InBev, the worlds largest brewing company and Molson, the other largest beer company, which was merged with US company Coors in 2005 and created a new company called Molson Coors, which is the worlds fifth largest brewing company now. In 2006, with the purchase of Sleeman Breweries, the largest remaining Canadian brewery was purchased by the Japanese owned Sapporo Brewery, Canadas beer production has been mainly under the control of foreign multinationals. By the end of 2006, nearly 90% of beer sales was of product brewed domestically under licence from non-domestic corporations. American beers brewed under licence dominate much of the market. For instance, Budweiser is brewed under licence in Canada by Labatts and Coors Light by Molson. The market in Canada for domestic beer is dominated by Labatt, Molson and Sleeman, all foreign-owned companies. The largest Canadian-owned brewer, Moosehead breweries, only controls about 5.5% of the Canadian market. Country comparison Macro-economic indicators Economy Canada population 33,487,208 (July 2009 est.). Italy population 58,126,212 (July 2009 est.). Economic freedom Canada world rank 6. Economic freedom Italy world rank 87. Finance Financial freedom for Canada: 80.0. Financial freedom in Italy 60.0 Canada investment freedom 75.0. Italy investment freedom 75.0. Canada Economy -GDP (Purchasing Power Parity) $ 1.335 trillion (2010 est.). Country comparison to the world: 15. $1.297 trillion (2009 est.) $1.33 trillion (2008 est.) -GDP Per capita (PPP) $39,600 (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 22 $38,700 (2009 est.) $40,000 (2008 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices) 1.6% (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 41 0.3% (2009 est.) Italy Economy -GDP (PPP) $1.782 trillion (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 11 $1.763 trillion (2009 est.) $1.857 trillion (2008 est.) -GDP per capita (PPP) $30,700 (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 43 $30,300 (2009 est.) $31,900 (2008 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices) 1.4% (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 32 0.8% (2009 est.) Historical developments Italy Beer is known and drank in Italy very long time ago, Italians brewed and consumed the blond drink. It said that Roman Emperor Agricola was a fan of beer when he was the governor of Britannia, and in 83 AD Roman Emperor Agricola raised to the imperial throne and came back to Italy, he took three master brewers with him from Glevum of which the ancient name Gloucester and opened the first real pub in Italy. Nowadays beer is especially loved by young people in Italy, which has been seen as an informal drink, compared to the wine which is alway used in much more formal places. Aperitif and wine tasting have now gained back to wine many casual drinkers, however, until a few years ago, young Italians actually drank more beer than wine. Pub-styled bars are still very popular in Italy and they have spread the love for the more exotic brands of beer: many of them serve Japanese, German, Australian and East European beers along with the more known ones brewed in the UK and Belgium. At least one bottle of Birra cinese (Chinese beer) is served on every table of every Chinese restaurant. Canada Beer was first introduced to Canada by European settlers in the seventeenth century, as Canada had an ideal climate for making and storing beer before refrigeration was introduced. The first commercial brewery was built by Jean Talon in Quebec City, in the year 1668. Over a century later a number of commercial brewers thrived, including some that became the staple of the Canadian industry: John Molson founded a brewery in Montreal in 1786, Alexander Keith inHalifax in 1820, Thomas Carling in London in 1840, John Kinder Labatt in 1847, also in London, Susannah Oland in Halifax in 1867, and Eugene OKeefe in Toronto in 1891. The very first patent to be issued by the Canadian government on July 6, 1842, was to one G. Riley for an improved method of brewing ale, beer, porter, and other maltliquors. Prohibition in Canada did not last as long as in the U.S. and was largely over by the mid 1920s (apart from Prince Edward Island, where it ran from 1901 to 1948). Nevertheless, it had a similar effect of leaving very few brewers, and it was only in the late twentieth century that there has been a revival and microbreweries have started. Brewpubs are still illegal in some provinces. Cultural system Hofstedes Cultural Dimensions of Italy and Canada Power Distance Individualism Masculinity Uncertainty Avoidance Italy Higher More collective More masculine Strong Canada Lower More individualistic More feminine Weak Power distance Canada is lower on the Hofstedes power distance index than Italy, Italy falls in the middle on the index overall. Italian seems to expect differences in power between people. Canadas Power Distance (PDI) is relatively low, with an index of 39, compared to a world average of 55. This is indicative of a greater equality between societal levels, including government, organizations, and even within families. This orientation reinforces a cooperative interaction across power levels and creates a more stable cultural environment. Individualism The more collective nature of Italy compared to Canada can be seen in many ways. It is not uncommon for grown children to live with their parents for years. Italian businesses are primarily owned by individuals and families. Business is preferably done with people with which one is familiar. Unacquainted guests will not be invited into an Italian home. Coffee or dinner will be taken with non-family members at a cafe or restaurant. Canada has Individualism (IDV) as the highest ranking (80) Hofstede Dimension, and is indicative of a society with a more individualistic attitude and relatively loose bonds with others. The populace is more self-reliant and looks out for themselves and their close family members. Masculinity Italy is a fairly masculine society and ranks slightly higher on this index than Canada. Many Italian men still treat women with gallantry and value machismo. Although women have entered the workforce, their numbers are still small and few are in upper echelon positions. Italian household are the sole domain of women; Italian women for the most part cook, clean and care for the children. Italians place a prime importance on material possessions. It is very important to look good in Italy. However, like a more feminine culture, Italians also know how to take time to appreciate the good things in life. Italians work in order to live rather than living to work. Ambition is not prevalent in Italian culture. Therefore i assume that beer as a informal beverage, it is more popular under this kind of cultural background rather than more formal cultural background countries. Uncertainty Avoidance Italy avoids uncertainly more strongly than Canada. By and large Italians prefer to do business with people they know. In addition, Italians prefer to know something about an individual before they speak with him/her on the phone. Thus, in business one should send an introductory fax and follow-up with a phone call. Political/Government System Beer or malt liquor, is defined as all fermented liquor brewed in whole or in part from malt for the purposes of the Excise Act, grain or any saccharine matter without any process of distillation, but does not include wine. Italian Alcohol Taxes and Duties Legislative Framework Alcohol Duty Beer (5% ABV or 12ËÅ ¡ Plato) 0.12Â £ per pint Wine (bottle 11.5% ABV) 0.00Â £ per 75 cl As we can see in the table of different rates of duty applies to beer in Italy, which contains following level of duty. Italy is a member of the European Union, therefore it shares the Common External Tariff regime. EU duties are charged by the Italian Customs Agency on the CIF (cost, insurance and freight) value of the product imported into Italy. The Alcohol Act (2001) bans TV and radio advertising of alcoholic products between 4PM and 9PM and prohibits alcohol advertisements from being shown on TV within 15 minutes before or after any childrens programs. The Act also requires a self-regulatory code to be provided jointly by media companies, advertising agencies and advertisers to govern alcohol advertising. For the legal drinking age, there is no minimum age of legal drinking. And the legal purchasing age of alcohol is 16 and 18. South Tyrol prohibits both serving and purchase for people under the age of 18 and to everybody in a state of inebriation. Milan has enforced a ban on those under 16 purchasing alcohol. Heavy fines are given to proprieters and parents if a transaction is completed. Canadian Alcohol Taxes and Duties Legislative Framework Beer Duty Up to 1.2% alcohol $2.591/hectolitre 1.2% to 2.5% alcohol $13.990/hectolitre Over 2.5% alcohol $27.985/hectolitre As we can see in the table of different rates of duty applies to beer, which contains following level of duty: (1) more than 2.5% absolute ethyl alcohol by volume; (2) more than 1.2% but not more than 2.5% absolute ethyl alcohol by volume; and (3) less than 1.2% absolute ethyl alcohol by volume, and for all beer containing more than 2.5% absolute ethyl alcohol by volume, the rate of excise duty is currently $27.985 per hectolitre. However, excise duties are not imposed on beer provided it is brewed by a person for personal or family use or to be given away without charge and is not for sale commercially. Canadian government showed how highly they value beer production and its breweries by lowering the taxes exercised on beer production. This is a benefit to the industry. As one of the leaders of the whole economy of Canada, the beer sector is likely to maintain these tax benefits and other benefits might be offered as well to the beer sector to develop the Canadian beer industry. In Canada, alcohol was taxed pursuant to the Excise Act previously. However, a new regime in Canada for the federal taxation of certain alcohol, including spirits and wines, was introduced in the Excise Act, 2001, which was implemented effective July 1, 2003. Excise duties on beer (and malt liquor) continue to be imposed under the Excise Act. Generally, different excise duty treatment applies to alcohol for non-beverage use. A licence is required authorizing certain alcohol operations under both the Excise Act, 2001, and the Excise Act. For beer, a licence is only required under the Excise Act for the commercial operation as a brewery, for example, the place where beer is manufactured. All brewery licensees are required to post and maintain security with the Canadian government. The amount of security is set at a minimum of $5,000. Generally, beer is subject to an excise duty that is imposed and becomes payable during the production process. The legal drinking and purchasing age in Canada are both 19. However, In some areas such as Ontario, Saskatchewan, British Columbia, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, Northwest Territories, Yukon, and Nunavut, underage drinking under parental supervision is permitted, with some restrictions, on ones own property in the provinces of New Brunswick andOntario and at home in the provinces of Prince Edward Island, British Columbia and Saskatchewan. InBritish Columbia, only children of the supervising parents, not any other minors such as guests, are allowed underage drinking. Consumption of alcohol in another persons home is subject to other laws. Major players The brewing industry had become extremely concentrated in Canada by the 1970s, being dominated by just three major companies, which are Molson, Labatt, and Carling-OKeefe. Canadas largest brewing companies were Labatts and Molson as we mentioned in the previous overview of industry condition of both countries. In 1995, Labatts was purchased by an Belgian company which is called Interbrew which is now part of Brazilian-Belgian Anheuser-Busch InBev, the worlds largest brewing company and Molson, the other largest beer company, which was merged with US company Coors in 2005 and created a new company called Molson Coors, and it is the worlds fifth largest brewing company now. In 2006, the largest remaining Canadian brewery was purchased by the Japanese owned Sapporo Brewery, Canadas beer production has been mainly under the control of foreign multinationals. By the end of 2006, nearly 90% of beer sales was of product brewed domestically under licence from non-domestic corporations. American beers brewed under licence dominate much of the market. For instance, Budweiser is brewed under licence in Canada by Labatts and Coors Light by Molson. The market in Canada for domestic beer is dominated by Labatt, Molson and Sleeman, all foreign-owned companies. The largest Canadian-owned brewer, Moosehead breweries, only controls small portion of the Canadian market. Italy hosts a few breweries, with the largest owned by the best known Italian and foreign brands. Peronis brewery produces the best known Italian beer: la Peroni. Peroni also produces the premium beer Mastro Azzurro and the brands WÃ ¼hrer, and lesser known Raffo. Heineken Italy brews its famous Heineken, but has also acquired the brands Moretti, Ichnusa, Birra Messina and Dreher. Carslberg owns a few brewerys in Northern and Central Italy. In Northern Italy, Forst brews its own branded beer as well as the famed Menabrea. In Friuli Venezia Giulia the latest brand of Italian beer Birra Castello, has been active since 1997. Along with these big players, there are lots of microbreweries small scale breweries that produce small quantities of beer, they also have premium quality. Major finding of comparison and recommendations Making a decision in which country to invest is not so easy, because of all those different variances in both of the counties, some of the variances are strength for Canada, however, some of them are favorable for Italy. In the first place, the tax rates between Canada and Italy differ. In Canada the rates are relatively lower than in Italy due to the fact that the tax level is relatively high in the European context. In addition to this, the Canadian government reduced taxes even more to benefit Canadian brewers. Secondly, when a look is taken at macroeconomic indicators like GDP per capita we see that Canada is a bit more favorable. However, since this differences are so small, both of the countries that we have chosen are developed countries, and GDP per capita which above certain level has a relatively weak influence on the consumption of beer. Therefore, this factor is not likely to have a significant influences on the desicion of investment in the countries. Thirdly, the population above legal drinking age in the markets has been calculated starting from the age at which alcohol consumption is allowed. This would mean that we start counting the population starting from 18 years old in Italy (some area start from 16 years old) and 19 years old in Canada. We find that the relative amount of people able to purchase and consume alcohol in Italy is larger than in Canada, because the whole population is larger in Italy than in Canada, and the population of legal drinking age are also higher in Italy than in Canada, therefore, the potential market in Italy are larger than in Canada. Lastly, when comparing markets according to its players and their market shares we find that Canada has a more concentrated market with high market share large players and many small players. Italy on the other hand has two old players with a high share and one smaller player while the rest of the market consists of really small players. It would therefore be an advantage to invest in the Italian market; trying to gain and increase a market share because of the fact that there are many foreign players already play very important roles in the Canadian market, Molson Coors Brewing company and Anheuser-Busch InBev have a market share of 42,70 and 42,20 percent respectively. Third place is hold by Moosehead Brewing company with a share of 5,90 percent. These three main players hold 90,8 percent of the market in total by volume. Taking all those facts into consideration, i would say that Italy would be the country that we are going to invest in. As we explained above, we analysed both countries SWOT, for Italy, the strength is market size, the weakness is relatively higher tax rate on alcohol, and the opportunities is that there are only two big old players and some extreme small players, gaining or increasing a share is relatively easy, and the market of Italy are more potential, because Italy still on the growing phase of beer industry. Moreover, since the age allowed to drink in Italy starting from the age of 18 and in some areas are even lower to 16, and with more population in Italy, therefore the market is bigger in Italy than in Canada. In addition, nowadays the Italian government highly values the Italian beer industry due to the impact on its economy and therefore taxes are getting lower and lower. And the threats of Italy is that new public policy may harm the beer industry, such as the advertising policy we mentioned before which bans the ads of alcohol in specific period of time on TV.